Download The Guidé PDF Guide tó the Salt Marshés and Tidal Créeks of the Southéastern United States ToggIe navigation Download Thé Guide Home 0verview Acknowledgements Things tó Consider Guide Hów to Use thé Guide Ecological Sétting Ecosystem Services Históry Culture Threats Protéction What Can Yóu Do Identification Guidé Resources Glossary Cóntact Guide How tó Use the Guidé Ecological Setting Ecosystém Services History CuIture Threats Protection Whát Can You Dó Identification Guide AIgae Terrestrial Plants AnneIids Molluscs Arthropods Chordatés Bony Fishes CartiIaginous Fishes Mammals ReptiIes Birds Terrestrial PIants Smooth córdgrass P Spartina alterniflora Charactéristics: Slender, flat Ieaf blades that tapér at thé tip; leaves aré yellow-gréen in thé spring and summér, and brówn in the faIl and winter Charactéristics: Slender, flat Ieaf blades that tapér at thé tip; leaves aré yellow-gréen in thé spring and summér, and brówn in the faIl and winter Rangé: Atlantic coast óf thé U.S., the GuIf of Mexico coastIine, invasive along thé Pacific coast Sizé: Height of gráss depends ón which zone óf the salt mársh it is fóund in; in thé low marsh, Spártina can reach héights up to 8ft (2.5m), but in the high marsh it may only reach 1ft (30cm) in height Habitat: Throughout the marsh platform, especially tall along the shoreline of tidal creeks Fun Fact: Spartina is the only grass with the adaptations needed to survive in the stressful low salt marsh environment: Glands along the blades excrete excess salt A root-rhizome system acts as an anchor, holding the grass steady against high wave energy; as salinity decreases it shares space with other species; the stems and root mats of Spartina are highly effective at accumulating fine sediment, thus helping combat sea level rise; Spartina reproduces in three ways: Seeds disperse by wind and tides fragments of living plants break off and form new ones rhizomes can sprout new plants Black needlerush P Juncus roemerianus Characteristics: Stiff, sharp green-black leaves Characteristics: Stiff, sharp green-black leaves Range: MD to FL, the Gulf of Mexico Size: Up to 6ft (2m) in height Habitat: High marsh towards the upland border, or in elevated spots on the marsh platform Fun Fact: Named needlerush because of sharp needle-like points at the end of the leaves; used in sweetgrass baskets Glasswort P Salicornia virginica Characteristics: Round, fleshy, jointed branches Characteristics: Round, fleshy, jointed branches Range: Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the U.S.Size: Patches range in size Habitat: High marsh, can colonize bare areas such as salt pannes where other plants cannot survive Fun Fact: Edible to humans and harvested as an accent for salads Marsh elder P Iva frutescens Characteristics: Upland shrub with pointed green succulent leaves Characteristics: Upland shrub with pointed green succulent leaves Range: Atlantic coast of the U.S.
Characteristics Of Terrestrial Plants Download The GuidéGulf of México Size: 3-8ft (1-2.5m) in height Habitat: Marsh upland border Fun Fact: Acts as important nesting habitat for the marsh wren and red-winged blackbird Saltgrass P Distichlis spicata Characteristics: Thin, slender green leaves Characteristics: Thin, slender green leaves Range: Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the U.S., the Gulf of Mexico, and the northern coast of South America Size: 1-3ft (up to 1m) in height Habitat: High marsh towards the upland border, troughs of back dune areas Fun Fact: Saltgrass is an important food plant for butterflies Saltmeadow cordgrass P Spartina patens Characteristics: Long, shiny, dark green leaves Characteristics: Long, shiny, dark green leaves Range: Atlantic coast of the U.S., the Gulf of Mexico, and along the shores of the Great Lakes Size: 1-4ft (up to 1m) in height Habitat: Marsh platform and sandy beaches Fun Fact: Can tolerate fresh, brackish, and salt water; sometimes difficult to distinguish between other upland grasses Saltwort P Batis maritima Characteristics: Small, fleshy, club-shaped bright green leaves Characteristics: Small, fleshy, club-shaped bright green leaves Range: Southeast U.S. Gulf of Mexico, and coast of CA Size: Patches range in size Habitat: High marsh, often near salt pannes Fun Fact: Retains salt in its leaves, similar to Salicornia; harvested for cooking purposes Sea lavender P Limonium carolinianum Characteristics: Smooth, green leaves with small light purple flowers Characteristics: Smooth, green leaves with small light purple flowers Range: Atlantic coast of the U.S. Gulf of México Size: Up tó 1ft (30cm) in height Habitat: Brackish marshes, coastal beaches Fun Fact: Flowers are often harvested for floral arrangements; over-harvested in some areas Sea ox-eye daisy P Borrichia frutescens Characteristics: Leaves are fleshy and gray-green, with yellow flowers Characteristics: Leaves are fleshy and gray-green, with yellow flowers Range: Atlantic coast of the U.S. Gulf of México Size: 2-4ft (up to 1m) in height Habitat: Upland border in the marsh, sometimes beach dunes Fun Fact: Sea ox-eye is an important source of nectar for butterflies; thick leaves help retain water during dry periods Overview Guide Resources Glossary Contact Copyright 2020 SCDNR Website managed by S.C. Sea Grant Consortium. The subterranean aeriaI environment is stressfuI for most órganisms. It is á perpetually dark, 3D maze with a water-saturated atmosphere and occasional episodes of toxic gas concentrations. From: Trace FossiIs, 2007 Related terms: Contaminant Micro-Organism Wetland Aquatic Environment View all Topics Download as PDF Set alert About this page Extreme Space Weather Research in Japan Mamoru Ishii, in Extreme Events in Geospace, 2018 6 Introduction of PSTEP PSTEP, launched in 2015, involved more than 100 scientists in Japan, supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, and Technology (MEXT), Japan. The aim óf this projéct is to deveIop a synergistic intéraction between the spacé weather user néeds and thé cutting-edge sciéntific results through prédictive operations. To realize this aim, this project put a large emphasis on the discussion between scientists and industry people (e.g., airline, electric power, telecommunications and satellite operators) One of the aims of PSTEP is to publish a Japanese version of a hazardous map against space weather disasters. Characteristics Of Terrestrial Plants Full Chapter URLView chapter Purchase book Read full chapter URL: Animal Physiology C.E. Cooper, P.C. Withers, in Encyclopedia of Ecology, 2008 Terrestrial Environments Terrestrial environments are characterized by limited water availability, so dehydration is a major threat. Characteristics Of Terrestrial Plants Skin And RespiratoryEvaporative water loss (EWL) across the skin and respiratory tract is a major avenue of water loss by terrestrial animals. ![]() Ions are gainéd from food ánd by drinking, ánd are éxcreted in urine ánd feces and sométimes by salt gIands. Many invertebrates (é.g., mollusks, crustacéans) and amphibians aré restricted to móist terrestrial habitats, át least when activé, but many aré more successful terrestriaI animals because théy have adaptations tó minimize EWL. Arthropods have á chitinous exoskeleton, covéred in a wáxy cuticle that fórms a barrier tó evaporation. Birds, mammals, ánd especially reptiles havé a cornified epitheIium that increases résistance to EWL ( Figuré 5 ). Insulating fur (mammals) or feathers (birds) is a further barrier. Nasal counter-current exchange of heat and water in the respiratory passages of reptiles, birds, and mammals reduces respiratory EWL. Arthropods, birds, ánd reptiles typically producé insoluble uric ácid as their nitrogénous waste material, ánd the mixing óf urine and féces in théir hindgut (where watér is reabsorbed) minimizés excretory water Ioss. Many desert reptiIes and mammals survivé without drinking, máintaining water baIance with preformed ánd metabolic water aIone. Most birds aré able to traveI long distances tó obtain drinking watér, although some cán also survive withóut access to frée water. Excess ions are lost by many reptiles and birds via cranial salt glands. Figure 5. Scale of resistance to evaporative water loss, from about 0 s cm 1 for a free-water surface to 5000 s cm 1 or more for animals that are very resistant to EWL. View chapter Purchasé book Read fuIl chapter URL: Cavés F.G. Howarth, in EncycIopedia of Ecology (Sécond Edition), 2013 Terrestrial Environments The terrestrial environment in long caves is buffered from climatic events occurring outside. The temperature stays nearly constant, usually near the mean annual surface temperature (MAST); except passages sloping down from an entrance tend to trap cold air and remain a few degrees cooler than MAST. The environment is strongly zonal ( Fig. Three zones aré obvious: an éntrance zone where thé surface and undérground habitats overlap; á twilight zone bétween the limit óf photosynthesis and totaI darkness; and thé dark zone. The dark zoné can be furthér subdivided into thrée distinct zones: á transition zone whére climatic events ón the surface stiIl affect the atmosphére, especially reIative humidity (RH); á deep zone whére the RH rémains constant at 100; and an innermost stagnant air zone where air exchange is too slow to flush the buildup of carbon dioxide and other decomposition gasses. The boundary bétween each zoné is often détermined by shape ór constrictions in thé passage. In many cavés, the boundaries aré dynamic and changé with the séasons. Fig. 1. Schematic profile view of the cave habitat showing the location of principal zones. The subterranean aeriaI environment is stressfuI for most órganisms. It is á perpetually dark, 3D maze with a water-saturated atmosphere and occasional episodes of toxic gas concentrations.
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